Ruth Kastner, PhD, is a member of the Foundations of Physics group at the University of Maryland, College Park. She is author of The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: The Reality of Possibility, Understanding Our Unseen Reality: Solving Quantum Riddles, and Adventures in Quantumland: Exploring Our Unseen Reality.

Here she offers the metaphor of a carpet that is too large for the room in which it is placed. Nothing can be done to avoid a lump — except to make the room larger. Similarly, every interpretation of quantum physics seems to entail a different paradoxical result. She maintains that, by allowing for real physical events that are not in 4-D conventional spacetime, these paradoxes can be resolved.

(Recorded on October 21, 2019)

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Published on July 27, 2025