This research identified two thermodynamically distinct types (A and B) of energetic processes naturally occurring on Earth. Type A, such as the classical heat engine energy process, apparently follows the second law well; Type B, as exemplified by the thermotrophic function with transmembrane electrostatically localized protons does not necessarily have to be constrained by the [...]

Germano D’Abramo is a physicist and worked as a researcher in various research institutes and companies in Rome between 1998–2014 on near-Earth asteroid population modeling and deflection. His research activity and interests also include special relativity, classical electrodynamics, and the history and philosophy of physics. He currently works for the Italian Ministry of Education as [...]

Professor Paul Thibado received his B.S. in Physics and Mathematics from San Diego State University in 1990, and his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1994. His group’s research area focuses on experimental surface physics, and they primarily use scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to study the properties of various surfaces at the [...]

the refereed scientific literature purporting to challenge the absolute